Japanese hand-painted Manuscript Map of Ezo (undeveloped Hokkaido), by Hayashi Shihei, with the disputed Northern Islands;:Kuril Islands: Kunashir, Shikotan, Iturup, Habomai, Urup, Broutana, Chirpoy, Simushir, Ketoy, Ushishir, Rasshua, Matua, Raykoke, Chirinkotan, Ekarma, Shiashkotan, Kharimkotan, Onekotan, Makanrushi, Antiferova, Paramushir, and Atasov; Kamchatka; Sakhalin; parts of Siberia and Russia; as far as the Bering Strait and very close to Alaska. We can also see the northernmost area of Honshu, directly across to the southern part of Ezo (Hokkaido) which was controlled by the Matsumae Daimyo Feudal Lord and family which provided security and trade with the Ainu aborigines and suppressed Ainu revolts such as the Menashi-Kunashir Rebellion that took place at the time this manuscript map was made.This map was banned by the Shogun or Tokugawa Bakufu since it focused on national security and illustrates Hayashi’s concerns about Western powers, in particular Russia, coming into Japan. Decades before the arrival of Commodore Perry, Hayashi suggested to the Shogun that Japan adopt Western military technology to fend off foreign invasion. He even went so far as to call for the re-education of Samurai in Western warfare and battle tactics to prevent defeat by foreign powers. He was well ahead of his time and in this map he shows Japan’s security vulnerabilities. The map also includes trade routes between the Northern Islands.